Introduction to Civil Engineering
Engineering is a profession of converting scientific knowledge into useful practical applications, where the materials & forces in nature are effectively used for the benefit of mankind. An Engineer is a person who plays a key role in such activities.
Civil engineering is the second oldest branch after military engineering. The professional civil engineers are concerned with projects for the public or civilians. The role of civil engineers is seen in every walk of life or infrastructure development activity such as follows:-
1. Complete construction project s by preparing engineering design and documents and confirming specifications.
2. Providing shelter to people in the form of low-cost houses to high rise apartments.
3. Laying ordinary village roads to express highways.
4. Constructing irrigation tanks, multipurpose dams & canals for supplying water to agricultural fields.
5. Supplying safe and potable water for public & industrial uses.
6. Protecting our environment by adopting sewage treatment & solid waste-disposal techniques.
7. Constructing hydro-electric & thermal-power plants for generating electricity.
8. Providing other means of transportation such as railways, harbour & airports.
9. Constructing bridges across streams, rivers and also across seas.
10. Tunnelling across mountains & also underwater to connect places easily &reduce distance.
The different fields of civil engineering and the scope of each can be briefly
discussed as follows.
Surveying:
It is a science and art of determining the relative position of points on the earth‘s surface by measuring distances, directions and vertical heights directly or indirectly. Surveying helps in preparing maps and plans, which help in project implementation. (Setting out the alignment for a road or railway track or canal, deciding the location for a dam or airport or harbour) The cost of the project can also be estimated before implementing the project.
Coastal Engineering:
Coastal
engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. In
some jurisdictions, the terms sea defence and coastal protection mean defence
against flooding and erosion, respectively. The term coastal defence is the
more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the
field has expanded to techniques that allow erosion to claim land.
Construction
engineering
Construction
engineering involves planning and execution,
transportation of materials, site development based on hydraulic,
environmental, structural and geotechnical engineering. As construction firms
tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms
do, construction engineers often engage in more business-like transactions, for
example, drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical
operations, and monitoring prices of supplies.
Earthquake
engineering
Earthquake engineering involves designing structures to withstand hazardous earthquake exposures. Earthquake engineering is a sub-discipline of structural engineering. The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures on the shaky ground; foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes; and design, construct and maintain structures to perform at the earthquake in compliance with building codes.
Environmental
engineering
Environmental
engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the
hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by
environmental engineering. Public health engineering and environmental health
engineering are other terms being used.
Environmental
engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, or thermal wastes,
purification of water and air, and remediation of
contaminated sites after waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the
topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, wastewater treatment,
air pollution, solid
waste treatment, recycling,
and hazardous waste management.
Environmental engineers administer pollution reduction, green
engineering, and industrial ecology.
Environmental engineers also compile information on environmental consequences
of proposed actions.
Geotechnical engineering
Geotechnical engineering studies
rock and soil supporting civil engineering systems. Knowledge from the field
of soil science,
materials science, mechanics,
and hydraulics is
applied to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls,
and other structures. Environmental efforts to protect groundwater and
safely maintain landfills have spawned a new area of research called
geoenvironmental engineering.
Identification
of soil properties presents challenges to geotechnical engineers. Boundary
conditions are often well defined in other branches of
civil engineering, but unlike steel or concrete, the material properties and the behaviour of soil are difficult to predict due to its variability and
limitation on the investigation.
Furthermore, soil exhibits nonlinear (stress-dependent) strength,
stiffness, and dilatancy (volume change associated with the application of shear
stress), making studying soil mechanics all
the more difficult. Geotechnical engineers frequently work with professional geologists and
soil scientists.
Structural
engineering
Structural engineering is
concerned with the structural design and structural
analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, flyovers (overpasses),
tunnels, offshore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea, aerostructure and
other structures. This involves identifying the loads which act upon a
structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to
those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and
resist those loads. The loads can be self-weight of the structures, other dead
load, live loads, moving (wheel) load, wind load, earthquake load, load from
temperature change etc. The structural engineer must design structures to be
safe for their users and to successfully fulfil the function they are designed
for (to be serviceable).
Due to the nature of some loading conditions, sub-disciplines within structural
engineering have emerged, including wind engineering and
earthquake engineering.
Design
considerations will include strength, stiffness, and stability of the structure
when subjected to loads which may be static, such as furniture or self-weight,
or dynamic, such as wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle loads, or transitory, such
as temporary construction loads or impact. Other considerations include cost,
constructability, safety, aesthetics and sustainability.
Transportation engineering
Transportation engineering is
concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner
conducive to a vibrant community. This involves specifying, designing,
constructing, and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes
streets, canals, highways, rail systems,
airports, ports, and mass transit.
It includes areas such as transportation design, transportation
planning, traffic engineering,
some aspects of urban engineering, queueing theory, pavement
engineering, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS),
and infrastructure management.
Water resources
engineering
Water resources engineering is
concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource).
As a discipline, it, therefore, combines elements of hydrology, environmental
science, meteorology, conservation,
and resource
management. This area of civil engineering relates to the
prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both
underground (aquifers)
and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource
engineers analyse and model very small to very large areas of the earth to
predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, though, or out of a
facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other
engineers.
Hydraulic engineering is concerned
with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of civil
engineering is intimately related to the design of pipelines, water
supply network, drainage facilities (including bridges,
dams, channels, culverts, levees, storm sewers),
and canals. Hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts
of fluid pressure, fluid statics, fluid dynamics,
and hydraulics, among others.
Municipal or urban
engineering
Municipal engineering is concerned
with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing,
constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water
supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal
solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for
various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand,
etc.), public parks and cycling
infrastructure. In the case of underground utility networks,
it may also include the civil portion (conduits and access chambers) of the
local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services. It
can also include the optimizing of waste collection and bus
service networks. Some of these disciplines overlap
with other civil engineering specialities, however municipal engineering focuses
on the coordination of these infrastructure networks and services, as they are
often built simultaneously, and managed by the same municipal authority.
Municipal engineers may also design the site civil works for large buildings,
industrial plants or campuses (i.e. access roads, parking lots, potable water
supply, treatment or pre-treatment of wastewater, site drainage, etc.)
Material engineering
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